International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering

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Biomonitoring Review

Phthalates (phthalic acid diesters) are widely used as plastics and additives in many consumer products. Laboratory animal studies have reported the effects of endocrine-dis disruption and reproduction of phthalates, and human exposure to this chemical component is a concern. Several categories have been identified as major concerns. Human exposure to phthalates occurs mainly through food sources, dermal input, and airway. Phthalates are released as mixed monoesters in the urine, and some phthalates, such as di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), undergo secondary metabolism, including oxidative modification, before urine dissolution. The occurrence of phthalates and their metabolites in urine, serum, breast milk, and uterus has been widely reported. Urine has also been the preferred matrix in studies of human biomonitoring, and a concentration of a few tens to hundreds of nanograms per milliliter has been reported for several phthalate metabolites. Metabolites of diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl- (DBP) and diisobutyl- (DiBP) phthalates, and DEHP were the most abundant fragments measured in urine. Temporal trends of phthalate exposure vary among countries. In the United States (US), DEHP signaling has decreased since 2005, and DiNP signaling has increased. In China, DEHP signaling has grown since 2000. In most phthalates, exposure to children is higher than that of adults. Human epidemiological studies have shown a significant association between phthalate exposure and reproductive side effects in women and men, type II diabetes and insulin resistance, obesity, allergy and asthma.

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