Description

In order to improve flow boiling heat transfer in a minichannel, this work couples an electric field and a Nano fluid. To create an electric field that is not uniform, pin electrodes are used. Nano fluid flow boiling heat transfer is studied in relation to the mass concentration of nanoparticles, surfactant type, and mass concentration under electric field conditions. The image analysis technique is used to quantify the behaviors of boiling bubbles. The outcomes show that without electric field, rises for Nano fluid stream bubbling are more modest and more discrete than R141b. The synergy effect that the electric field and the Nano fluid have on the behaviors of bubbles is effective because the bubble size decreases and the number of bubbles increases under an electric field. Additionally, electric forces delay the transition from bubbly to slug flow and mitigate bubble coalescence. The Nano fluid’s maximum heat transfer coefficient is 80% higher than that of R141b. Nano fluid modified with anionic surfactant outperforms cationic and nonionic (Span80) surfactants in terms of boiling heat transfer under electric field conditions. For their use in Nano devices, developing a regulation method for the structure and flow of Ionic Liquids (ILs) in the Nano channel is crucial. This work employs the molecular dynamic simulation method to investigate the flow behavior of [EMIM] [BF₄] mixed with water as a diluent and an imposed electric field in a Nano channel for this purpose. The findings demonstrate that the addition of water can lessen the stratification effect of density and charge distribution while not significantly altering the microstructure of [EMIM][BF₄]; however, the stratification effect is affected differently by the direction of the electric field.

Prompted Electric Field

The flow state of [EMIM] [BF₄] can be altered and the flow velocity significantly improved by adding water. The flow can be accelerated by applying an electric field in the direction of the flow; however, applying an electric field perpendicular to the Nano channel controls the flow. Thus, a multistage prompted electric field joined with a ceaseless stream reactor was used to help the corrosive hydrolysis of corn, potato, and waxy corn starch for staying away from plate erosion and weighty metal spillage. It was discovered that increasing the hydrolysis efficiency by adding IEF stages was beneficial. Treating potato, corn, and waxy corn starch by means of ceaseless stream IEF expanded the diminishing sugar contents up to 78.76%, 57.86%, and 66.18%, separately. Starch's electrical conductivity increased throughout the reaction stages, but its yield decreased. Treated starch had higher solvency and gelatinization top temperature than local starch, with the gelatinization enthalpy showing vacillations. In the meantime, as the number of IEF stages increased, the swelling power decreased. The treated starch was seen to become more ordered by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy, with pores forming on the surface of the particles and crystalline regions being destroyed to varying degrees. Acid hydrolysis and IEF may be to blame for these variations. Nano porous membranes coated with platinum (Pt) and gold (Au) on opposite faces are capable of pumping fluid independently in the presence of hydrogen peroxide; however, the underlying physics remain a mystery.

By avoiding the overlap of Electric Double Layers (EDL) within pores, we demonstrate with simulation results that the selfpumping flow rate can be significantly increased. Hydrogen ions (H+) are generated and depleted on opposite sides of the membrane as a result of catalytic electrochemical reactions on Pt and Au. This creates a self-generated electric field and an electro-osmotic flow through the pores. EDL overlap is avoided and an area-averaged self-pumping flow speed of 23m/s, 20 times higher than previously reported, can be achieved by maximizing the pore radius. This work demonstrates the mechanism of self-pumping flow in porous two-sided "Janus" membranes and highlights the potential of developing biomimetic membranes and lab-on-chip devices that can precisely and remotely control fluid flow in pores or channels in an "on/off" manner by conducting the first-ever physicochemical computational model of self-pumping membranes. The overlapping of pulses at the sensor's location is one of the main challenges in measuring Partial Discharges (PD) in Gas-Insulated Substations (GIS), which distorts the pulse resolution and charge estimation. A novel approach known as "synergy" is the subject of this study. It uses magnetic and electric antennas operating in the very high frequency range to identify and eliminate reflections. Forward and backward pulses can be separated by scaling and adding the outputs of the antennas. The power flow of the pulses can also be determined by multiplying the electric and magnetic signals, which reveals the transmission path discontinuities and propagation direction. Three scenarios are used to evaluate the synergy method: a calibrated pulse-based fully matched test bench, a calibrated pulse-based full-scale GIS, and a PD defect-based full-scale GIS.

Deformation Parameters

The findings demonstrated that the incident pulse can be free of pulse reflections, enhancing the charge calculation when the pulses overlap. The results of this study provide a tool for improved defect localization, pulse wave shape construction, charge estimation, and possibly interference rejection for PD monitoring in GIS. Sliding with electric current results in the formation of a tribolayer and significant external impact on the surface. The layer's wear resistance will be determined by its capacity for stress relaxation as a result of plastic deformation in the friction zone. The goal of this work is to determine the ultimate structural states of contact AISI 1020 steel and AISI 1045 steel tribolayers during dry sliding with high-density electric current.

It has been demonstrated that wuestite-containing tribolayers can be formed. The worn sliding surface of AISI 1020 steel had a two-part morphological structure. Viscous plastic flow was discovered on the worn counter body surface and one of the sectors' surfaces. The electro hydrodynamic deformation of droplets in a shear flow field and a DC electric field were combined in a visualization experiment. At R>S and R S, comprehensive experimental data on the transient and steady droplet deformation parameters (D) and orientations (d) are provided (R: Ratio of conductivity; S: Permittivity ratio) under various combinations of electric field and shear flow field. Using the Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) technique, we also examined the deformed droplet's internal flow characteristics. When an electric field and a shear flow are combined, the response of d is quicker than that of D because the Extensional Component (EC) and the Rotational Component (RC) of these two fields compete with one another on the droplet. Additionally, the steady-state D and values exhibit distinct variations when the EC and RC compete at R>S and R S, respectively. At R>S and R S, surface charge convection has a significant impact on both the increase and decrease in droplet deformation, respectively. In addition, in the combined fields, an asymmetric vortex forms within the deformed droplet, and its velocity is lower at R>S and higher at R S than in pure shear flow.

Electric gas flow control is frequently required by the rapidly expanding "intelligent" machines and components of today. Electronic controllers, which are now manufactured in large numbers and are therefore readily available at a low cost, perform this control most effectively. The gases are electrically neutral, making it impossible for the controller output to directly affect the gas. An intermediate transducer, typically based on the action of a mechanical component, is the standard method. In addition to the mechanical components' short lifespan and other drawbacks, it is not a perfect solution because their inertia slows down the conversion speed. This review article looks at a few lesser-known ways to make the mechanical parts much smaller and have less inertia. The electric input is used to heat a component in another approach, which alters the output flow field’s character by varying the gas's viscosity as it passes through it. The mechanical and thermal principles can be usefully compared with the new solutions that are the focus of this paper, which are based on intermediate conversions into plasma flow.