Description

The treatment of disease by stimulating or inhibiting the immune system is known as immunotherapy or biological therapy. Immunotherapies that elicit or magnify an immunological response are called activation immunotherapies, whereas those that diminish or suppress the immune response are called suppression immunotherapies.

Immunomodulatory medications have yet to be determined how they affect the human body. Some malignancies respond well to cell-based immunotherapies. Lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells (NK Cell), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and other immune effector cells work together to fight the body against cancer by targeting aberrant antigens produced on the surface of tumour cells. Immunity to COVID-19 is mostly based on an immunomodulatory T cell response. Medical treatments include granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interferons, imiquimod, and cellular membrane fractions from bacteria. In clinical and preclinical research, IL-2, IL-7, IL-12, different chemokines, synthetic Cytosine Phosphate Guanosine (CPG) oligodeoxynucleotides, and glucans are used.

Chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation were formerly the mainstays of cancer treatment, with the goal of killing or eliminating cancer cells and tumours. These therapies can be quite beneficial, and they are still utilised in many circumstances. James Allison and Tasuku Honjo were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2018 "for their discovery of cancer treatment via suppression of negative immune regulation." Cancer immunotherapy aims to boost the immune system's ability to fight tumours. A number of techniques are now in use or are being researched and tested. Cell-based immunotherapy has been shown to improve survival and disease-free time in randomised controlled experiments in various tumours, and its efficacy is increased by 20–30 percent when paired with traditional treatment modalities.

G-CSF lymphocytes are extracted from the blood and expanded in vitro against a tumour antigen before being reinjected with stimulatory cytokines. The tumour cells that express the antigen are then destroyed by the cells. Topical immunotherapy uses an immune enhancement cream (imiquimod) to produce interferon, which causes the recipient's killer T cells to attack warts, actinic keratoses, basal cell cancer, vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia, squamous cell cancer, cutaneous lymphoma, and superficial malignant melanoma. Mumps, candida, the HPV vaccine, or trichophytin antigen injections are used in injection immunotherapy (also known as "intralesional" or "intratumoural") to cure warts (HPV induced tumours). Adoptive cell transfer has been tested on lung and other malignancies, with melanoma proving to be the most successful.

G-CSF lymphocytes are extracted from the blood and expanded in vitro against a tumour antigen before being reinjected with stimulatory cytokines. The tumour cells that express the antigen are then destroyed by the cells. Topical immunotherapy uses an immune enhancement cream (imiquimod) to produce interferon, which causes the recipient's killer T cells to attack warts, actinic keratoses, basal cell cancer, vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia, squamous cell cancer, cutaneous lymphoma, and superficial malignant melanoma. Mumps, candida, the HPV vaccine, or trichophytin antigen injections are used in injection immunotherapy (also known as "intralesional" or "intratumoural") to cure warts (HPV induced tumours).Adoptive cell transfer has been tested on lung and other malignancies, with melanoma proving to be the most successful.

Immune Enhancement Therapy

Natural killer cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, epithelial cells, and other relevant immune cells from a person's own peripheral blood are increased in vitro and then re-infused in autologous immune enhancement treatment. Hepatitis C, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and HHV6 infection have all been evaluated with the treatment.

Suppression immunotherapies

Immune suppression decreases a normal immune response to prevent rejection of donated organs or cells or dampens an aberrant immune response in autoimmune illnesses.

Conclusion

The body's immune system does not attack its own tissues by default. CD4+ T-cells are thought to be at the heart of the autoimmune response in most models. When T-cell tolerance is lost, B-cells and other immune effector cells are unleashed on the target area. The ideal tolerogenic treatment would target the autoimmune attack's co-ordinating T-cell clones.

Immune tolerance treatments aim to retrain the immune system so that it no longer attacks its own organs or cells in the case of autoimmune illness, or accepts foreign tissue in the case of organ transplantation. Infusion of regulatory immune cells into transplant patients is one treatment option. The transfer of regulatory immune cells has the ability to stop effector cells from working.

Immune tolerance can decrease or even eliminate the requirement for lifelong immunosuppression and its associated adverse effects. Transplants, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and other autoimmune illnesses.