The Cytologic preparation methods usually include viewing single cells or small clusters of cells on slides, in contrast to surgical biopsy specimens where large pieces of tissue, with tissue architecture is observed. In some institutions, small tissue biopsies such as core needle biopsies may also be assigned to the cytology service.
It is often divided into gynecologic and non-gynecologic. Gynecologic in this context usually refers to Pap test specimens, i.e. uterine cervix, vaginal vault whereas other gynecologic specimens are considered non-gynecologic.
Dictums of cytopathology - Malignant cells are malignant because of malignant features whereas Benign cells are benign because they lack malignant features and have benign features.
Corollaries: Cells lacking malignant features are not malignant. And Cells lacking benign features are not malignant.
Cytologic features of malignancy: High nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, Nuclear membrane irregularities, Notches/sharp discontinuities, Chromatin abnormalities, Clumped chromatin, esp. differences between quadrants of a nucleus, Chromatin clumping at the nuclear membrane (chromatin margination), Hyperchromatic nucleus (when compared to other cells), Nuclear pleomorphism (comparison of neighbouring cells).
The Open access Journals in Cytopathology provide free online unrestricted access to research outputs such as scientific information and research outputs.
Case Report: Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Research
Case Report: Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Research
Research Article: Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Research
Research Article: Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Research
Editor Note: Journal of Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology
Editor Note: Journal of Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology
Case Blog: Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Research
Case Blog: Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Research
Opinion Article: Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Research
Opinion Article: Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Research