Journal of Molecular Microbiology

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Monosaccharide Transport Proteins Innovations

A family of 14 monosaccharide conveying proteins called GLUTs catalyze the facilitated diffusion of glucose, galactose, fructose, urate, myoinositol, and dehydroascorbicacid in mammals. These transporters may be divided into three classes based on sequence similarity and specificity of the function / substrate. GLUT1 appears to be highly expressed in glycolytically active cells, and has been co-opted in vitamin C auxotrophs to maintain the blood's redox state through dehydroascorbate transport. Several GLUTs are definitive transporters of glucose / galactose, GLUT2 and GLUT5 are physiologically relevant transporters of fructose, and GLUT9 tends to be a urate transporter while GLUT13 is a cotransporter of protons / myoinositols. It remains to determine the physiological substrates of certain GLUTs. Although great strides have been made in characterizing GLUT-catalyzed monosaccharide transport and mapping topography of the GLUT membrane and substrate specificity determinants, a unifying model for the structure and function of GLUT is still elusive. This is achieved by a multiplicity of GLUT-dependent glucose sensing and effector mechanisms that control the intake, absorption, distribution, cell transport and metabolism of monosaccharides, and recovery / retention. In mammals, the storage and metabolism of glucose coevolved to enable the use of cerebral glucose.

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