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The field of genomics arose from the availability of complete genome sequence data as well as computational methods for their analysis. One of the surprising findings from analysis of the human genome was the presence of fewer protein-encoding genes (a mere 25,000) than had been predicted earlier. Furthermore, the protein-encoding (i.e., “expressed”) genes comprise a small fraction, less than 2%, of the human genome. These genes are transcribed into mRNAs that are often referred to collectively as the “transcriptome.” The ability to analyze transcripts in a high-throughput parallel format using a DNA microarray, or “gene chip,” has enabled researchers to probe global differences in gene expression, for instance, between healthy and diseased cells, between neurons and muscle cells, and between drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cancer cells. Such “transcriptomic” comparisons have revealed networks of genes whose expression is linked to disease.

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