The Cystinuria Cardiovascular Epidemiology

Mainly, cystinuria isa rare renal stone disease, which individuals inherit from their family members. The genetic disorder is characterized by gene mutations in SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 and encoding proteins that enhance dibasic amino acid exchange expressed in the proximal tubule of the kidney and the gut. Cystinuria affects approximately one in 7,000 persons in the United States. Individuals with cystinuria xeperience signs and symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, pain while urinating, blood in the urine, and pain near the abdomen or groin. Patients experience blockage of the ureter, urinary tract infections, kidney infections, andb ladder or kidney damage because of untreated cystinuria. Thest udy focuses on examing pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment methods for cystinuria, includingC ystine-Binding Thiol Drugs (CBTD), urinary alkalinization, surgical procedures, dietary modification, andh ydration. The researcher completed secondary research that focused on online information ofmr governmental reports, academic institutions, journald atabases, and credible newspapers and magazines. It utilizes information from peer-reviewed journals, e-books, and government and non-governmental reports published within the last ten years. Although the literature review provides adequate and detailed information on pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment methods for cystinuria, the articles fail to provide convincing information on accurate dosages of medications for adults and children and the short and long-term side’s effects of the treatment methods. Nonetheless, clinicians should apply the knowledge from the peer-reviewed articles in managing and treating cystinuria.

The clinical significance of the literature review, especially the topic is to:

Promote early diagnosis and treatment of cystinuria among adults and children.

Enhance the clinical outcomes of patients with cystinuria.

Reduce the adverse complications and ysmptoms o f cystinuria among Americans.

Improve stakeholders’, clinicians and patients, knowledge of managing and treating cystinuria.

Author(s): Peterchris Okpala* and Sandra Okpala

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