Bioactive Peptide-Drug Conjugates and Liposomial Anticancer Drug Deivery in NeuroEndocrine Tumors (NETs) : Neurotensin and the (NT/NTSR) receptor system

The main focus of this current Experimental Thesis Project is the introduction of the native form of the bioactive tridecapeptide Neurotensin (NT) and its biomimetic chemically modified derived forms – obtained by specific biochemical protection strategies and specific functionalisation reactions , both feasible on the functional groups of the (NT) unique aminoacid sequence – and the (NT/NTSR) neurotensin receptor system in signal transduction of pathophysiological conditions , such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases . The main goal of this preliminary Experimental Thesis Project is to study and to describe the role and functions of both (NT) and the (NT/NTSR) receptor system in GPCRmediated signalling biochemical pathways , in both physiological conditions and – most importantly - in pathology-related conditions , such as most importantly cancer and also neurodegenerative diseases , as major leading causes of death in global modern society. As a matter of fact , molecular targeted combined therapy and innovative biochemical techniques useful in Drug Delivery strategies of traditionally already well-known and recent newly discovered anticancer therapeutic agents in new formulations are key factors in current pre-Approval decision-making procedures in Clinical Oncology Phase Trials prior to final FDA-EMA Approval ( and subsequent marketing strategies ). In molecular targeted combined therapy , the really essential key factor is the chemical conjugation of a well-defined biochemical sequence of naturally available and chemicallyprotected and functionalised aminoacids (in this case , Peptide-Drug Conjugates or Monoclonal Antibody-Drug Conjugates ) are thus finally obtained as potential therapeutic and theranostic imaging agents in innovative chemotherapy protocols. A wide range of many scientfic published results are mainly focused on ADC Targeted Therapies , but this Experimental Thesis Project is majorly oriented towards bioactive Peptide-Drug Conjugates and their related Liposomial Drug Delivery formulations and innovative drug delivery strategies .In fact . Liposomes are micellar nanoparticles capable of loading , encapsulating and delivering – in this Experimental Research article - the different (NT)-conjugated anticancer therapeutic agents in situ within cancer cells with an extremely unique biomolecular interaction ranging from site-specific recognition of DNA consensus sequences (i.e. GAG base triplets,etc…) to enzymes (for example , DNA TopoIsomerase II and several multi-kinase isoforms, etc…) , receptors (e.g. NT/NTSR receptor system – all overexpressed in cancer cells , especially in NETs cancer cell lines selected for this Experimental Thesis Assignment Project. The main resulting biochemical and pharmacological results obtained by application of such Nanotechnological Methods in final API Formulation and – more specifically – of the Liposomial Drug Delivery of Anticancer therapeutic agents are hereby listed as follows : • induction of anti-mitotic and pro-apoptotic signal transdiction in biochemical pathwways of cancer cells ; • highly evident in vivo cytotoxicity of formulated Liposomial anticancer drugs on several cancer cell lines ; • cell cycle arrest and cell cycle inhibiton in cancer cells ; • further consequent blockade of uncontrollled cancer cell proliferation , cancer tissue growth ; • finally, reduction of tumor angiogenesis and of tumor invasiveness . The main clinical purpose of these innovative chemotherapy protocols are to overcome anticancer drug MDR- efflux related cancer surivival , overall 1st Line Classical chemotherapy resistance due to uncontrolled cancer growth, progression and survival ; and finally , clinical relapse in refractory cancer disease possible in both experimentalanimal models and in humans . Furthermore , in this ongoing Experimental Thesis Project , the main attention is to be essentially focused on bioactive Peptide-Drug Delivery Conjugates and to novel formulation strateigies in Liposomial Anticancer Drug Delivery for the treatment od Neuroendocrine Tumors , mainly well-known as NETs.The prevalent overexpression of neurotensin receptor (NTR) in several human tumors (including a wide range of NeuroEndocrine Tumors from Ovarian Cancer , Breast Cancer ,Lung cancer and Pancreas and Prostate Cancers to Adenocarcinomas ,GI-Tract Tumors and fast-paced aggressive but slowly progressive Brain Cancers such as GEP-NETs) makes it an attractive target for the delivery of different classes of several traditional and novel anticancer cytotoxic drugs , such as : * Liposomial Doxorubicin (an anticancer DNA intercalating agent , DNA Topoisomerase II inhibitor drug) , * Sorafenib (a novel heterocyclic multi-kinase inhibitor ) * Meclinertant (a novel heterocyclic NTSR specific agonist synthesized by flow chemistry solid phase synthesis technique), *plus , many other newly discovered allosteric agonist modulators from HTS-FBDD Chemical Libraries and from novel synthetic routes) * radio-theranostic imaging agents – mainly useful as MRI probes in the localization , diagnosis and treatment of most types of cancers . Native neurotensin (NT) is a tridecapeptide (composed of a 13-aminoacid sequence backbone , given its fairly evident 3D biochemical structure as confirmed by Proteomics Techniques – such as BioMS , XRD , CD and BioNMR Experiments) Native (NT) binds to NTR and induces tumor growth. Unfortunately, native NT does not happen to be an immediately available in vivo therapeutic target , mainly due to its short plasma half-life, which thus hinders its use for in vivo biomedical applications. Several published scientific reports suggest that Arg(8)-Arg(9) and Tyr(11)-Ile(12) amide bonds are particularly prone to degradation by proteolytic enzymes involved in biochemical degradation pathways (Endocytosis , Lysosomial Degradation and Proeasome Ubiquitinmediated proteolysis). These preliminary results inherent to the NT tridecapeptide biochemical structure may also suggest further experimental insights to its biochemical and physiological functions ( as a validated cell-cycle specific GPCR signalling transducer) and thus to the achievement of combined target therapy protocols and novel pre-clinical information in Experimental Cancer Research and in Medical Oncology for the diagnostics, theranostics and pharmacological treatment of the several types of NeuroEndocrine Tumors . Predicated on this overall observation , Arg(8), Arg(9), and Ile(12) amino acids were substituted with the corresponding commercially available mimics. These surrogate amino acids are amenable to standard Fmoc peptide synthesis strategy, and the resulting compounds are stable in biological media for >4 h and bind to NTR (NeuroTensin Receptor) with high affinity. Furthermore, conjugating DTPA to the new peptides and subsequent labeling with 111In−DTPA for nuclear imaging or fluorescein for optical imaging did not diminish the NTR binding affinities of the peptides. In vivo biodistribution of a representative 111In−DTPA−NT peptide analogue in SCID mice bearing NTR-positive human adenocarcinoma (HT29) xenograft shows that the compound was primarily retained in tumor tissue (2.2% ID/g) and the kidneys (4.8% ID/g) at 4 h post-injection. Coinjection of cold NT and the radiolabeled NT peptide analogue inhibited the tumor but not the kidney uptake – which also plays a key role in the ADME-Toxicology profile and Therapeutic efficacy of Anticancer Drugs – thus , demonstrating that retention of the radiolabeled compound in tumor tissue was mediated by NTR specific uptake while it builds up in the kidneys by a nonspecific mechanism . These findings show that the new NT peptide analogues are robust and can introduce new clinical guidelines in novel chemotherapy protocols – both combined and with single anticancer agents - and for innovative theranostic imaging techniques – as well – all specifically tailored and designed on purpose for the treatment and diagnostic follow-up of NTR-positive tumors such as pancreatic cancer ( one of the most aggressive and nowadays still incurable types of cancers . ) Future directions in novel anticancer therapy and innovative theranostics imaging techniques will definitely be leading to new discoveries and thus ,will be evidently supported by the most recent and innovative scientific contribution of newly discovered Nanothecnology-based Drug Delivery and Gene Delivery strategies and new anticancer drug formulations , in addition to the clnical outcomes of experimental anticancer immunotherapy and oncolytic virology Biography: La fondazione dell’Università di Napoli Federico II risale alla generalis lictera dell’Imperatore svevo del 5 giugno 1224. Dall'anno accademico 2013/2014 è in vigore il nuovo Statuto e l'Ateneo oggi si compone di 4 Scuole e 26 Dipartimenti, sono quindi scomparse le Facoltà. Le Scuole si dividono in Scuola delle Scienze Umane e Sociali, Scuola delle Scienze e delle Tecnologie per la Vita, Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia e Scuola Politecnica e delle Scienze di Base, e includono 13 Aree Didattiche ripartite in Area didattica Agraria, Area didattica Architettura, Area didattica Economia, Area didattica Farmacia, Area didattica Giurisprudenza, Area didattica Ingegneria, Area didattica Medicina e Chirurgia, Area didattica Medicina Veterinaria, Area didattica Scienze Biotecnologiche, Area didattica Scienze MM.FF.NN., Area didattica Scienze Politiche, Area didattica Sociologia e Area didattica Studi umanistici. L'Università ha anche 42 Centri di ricerca e di servizio e 2 Orti botanici. L’Ateneo conta 108 biblioteche di cui una telematica e 12000 postazioni informatiche. Attualmente l’offerta formative propone 144 Corsi di Laurea, 86 Master Universitari, 80 Dottorati di Ricerca, 61 Scuole di Specializzazione e 65 Corsi di Perfezionamento

Author(s): Damion Crocamo

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