Marine-systems Scholarly Journal

Marine ecosystems are the most important of Earth's aquatic ecosystems and are distinguished by waters that have a high salt content. These systems contrast with freshwater ecosystems, which have a lower salt content. Marine waters cover quite 70% of the surface of the world and account for quite 97% of Earth's water system and 90% of habitable space on Earth. Marine ecosystems include nearshore systems, like the salt marshes, mudflats, seagrass meadows, mangroves, rocky intertidal systems and coral reefs. They also extend outwards from the coast to incorporate offshore systems, like the surface ocean, pelagic ocean waters, the deep sea, oceanic hydrothermal vents, and therefore the sea floor. Marine ecosystems are characterized by the biological community of organisms that they're related to and their physical environment. Coastal marine ecosystems experience growing population pressures with nearly 40% of individuals within the world living within 100 km of the coast. Humans often aggregate near coastal habitats to require advantage of ecosystem services. For example, coastal capture fisheries from mangroves and reef habitats are estimated to be worth a minimum of $34 billion per annum .

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