Endourology refers to a specific area of urology in which small internal endoscopes and instruments are used to see the urinary tract and perform surgery. Urology is a surgical specialty that deals with diseases of the male and female urinary tract and male reproductive organs. Endourology (stone disease) is a minimally invasive procedure in which small telescopes and lasers are used to treat tumors, stretching, or congenital abnormalities of the bladder, ureter, and kidneys. Academic peer review is the process by which the author's academic research, study, or ideas are subject to review by others who are experts in the same field before a paper is published in a journal examining this research. Journal article is often referred to as a scientific paper, peer-reviewed paper, or an academic research article. Journal papers are sometimes referred to together as literature in a specific area. Most generally, journal articles are the main research papers. Work may be accepted, considered acceptable, or discontinued with revisions. Peer review requires a group of experts in a particular (strictly defined) area who are competent and willing to practice equally.