Introduction

The study of computation, automation and information is known as computer science. Computer science encompasses both theoretical and practical fields, including hardware and software design and implementation, algorithms, information theory and automation, among others. Computer programming is not the same thing as computer science, which is generally regarded as an academic field of study. Data structures and algorithms are at the heart of computer science. Abstract models of computation and general classes of problems that can be solved with them are the focus of the theory of computation. Cryptography and computer security both focus on figuring out how to prevent security flaws and secure communication. The creation of images is the focus of computational geometry and computer graphics. Database theory is concerned with the management of data repositories, whereas programming language theory considers various ways to describe computational processes. Software engineering focuses on the design and principles of software development, while human computer interaction studies the interfaces between humans and computers. Operating systems, networks and embedded systems all investigate the design and principles that underlie complex systems. The design of computer hardware and software is referred to as computer architecture.

Description

The goal of artificial intelligence and machine learning is to combine human and animal goal-oriented processes like problem-solving, decision-making, environmental adaptation, planning and learning. Computer vision and natural language processing are two subfields of artificial intelligence that aim to comprehend and process textual and linguistic data, respectively. What can and cannot be automated is the fundamental concern of computer science. Most people think that the turing award is the highest honor in computer science. The modern digital computer wasn't invented until the very beginnings of what would become computer science. Since antiquity, the abacus and other machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks have helped with calculations like multiplication and division. Algorithms for carrying out computations have been around since antiquity, long before sophisticated computer hardware was invented.

In 1623, Wilhelm Schickard created and built the first mechanical calculator that worked. The Stepped Reckoner was Gottfried Leibniz's demonstration of a digital mechanical calculator in 1673. Due to a number of factors, including his documentation of the binary number system; Leibniz may be considered the first computer scientist and information theorist. Thomas de Colmar's simplified arithmometer, the first calculating device strong enough to be used every day in an office setting, sparked the mechanical calculator industry in 1820. In 1822, Charles Babbage began developing his difference engine the first automatic mechanical calculator which ultimately inspired him to develop his analytical engine the first programmable mechanical calculator. He started working on this machine in 1834 and in less than two years, he had outlined many of the key characteristics of the modern computer. The implementation of a punched card system that is infinitely programmable and is derived from the Jacquard loom was a crucial step. Ada Lovelace wrote an algorithm to compute the Bernoulli numbers in 1843 while translating a French article on the analytical engine. This is considered to be the first published algorithm designed specifically for use on a computer and was included in one of the many notes she included. The tabulator, which used punched cards to process statistical data, was created by Herman Hollerith around 1885. His company eventually joined IBM. Percy Ludgate published the second of only two designs for mechanical analytical engines in 1909, following Babbage but unaware of his earlier work. In 1937, one hundred years after Babbage's impossible dream, Howard Aiken persuaded IBM, which was also in the business of making punched card equipment, to create his enormous programmable calculator, the ASCC/Harvard Mark I, based on Babbage's analytical engine, which itself utilized cards and a central computing unit. IBM was also in the business of making punched card equipment. Some hailed the machine as "Babbage's dream come true" when it was finished. When new, more powerful computers like the Atanasoff Berry computer and ENIAC were created in the 1940’s, the term "computer" came to refer to the machines rather than their human predecessors. The study of computation in general expanded the scope of the field of computer science as it became clear that computers could be used for more than just mathematical calculations. The Watson scientific computing laboratory was established by IBM in 1945 at Columbia university in New York city. IBM's first laboratory was a renovated fraternity house on the West side of Manhattan. The lab served as a precursor to IBM's research division, which currently manages research facilities worldwide. In the end, the establishment of a new scientific field was facilitated by IBM's close ties to Columbia university, which offered one of the first computer science courses for credit in 1946. In the 1950’s and early 1960’s, computer science became a separate academic field. The Cambridge diploma in computer science, the first computer science degree program in the world, was established in 1953 at the university of Cambridge computer laboratory.

Conclusion

In 1962, Purdue university established the nation's first computer science department. Numerous applications of computing have evolved into distinct fields of study since the availability of practical computers. The term "computer science" first appeared in a 1959 article in communications of the ACM, where Louis Fein argued for the establishment of a graduate school in computer sciences, similar to the 1921 establishment of the Harvard business school. Louis argues that the subject is applied, interdisciplinary and has the characteristics of an academic discipline, like management science, which explains the name. His efforts were rewarded, along with those of others like the numerical analyst George Forsythe: In 1962, Purdue was the first university to establish such a department. Despite its name, computer science does not focus solely on the study of computers. Numerous alternate names have been suggested as a result. To emphasize this distinction, some major university departments prefer to use the term computer science. Peter Naur, a Danish scientist, coined the term "datalogy" to reflect the fact that the field of science focuses on data and data treatment but does not necessarily involve computers. The department of datalogy at the university of Copenhagen, which was established in 1969 and had Peter Naur as its first datalogy professor, was the first scientific institution to employ the term. The Scandinavian nations are the primary users of the term. Data science is an alternative term that Naur has also proposed; this is now utilized in a variety of data analysis fields, including databases and statistics.