Neurosciences & Brain Imaging Open Access

Abstract

Evolving treatments for pediatric epilepsy

M. Michael Bercu

Traditional surgical procedures, such as localization and resection of epileptogenic foci and disconnection techniques, are currently used to treat drug-resistant focal epilepsy (DRFE) in children. Pediatric epilepsy surgery rates have increased from 0.85 surgeries per 1000 children with epilepsy in 1997 to 1.44 surgeries per 1000 children with epilepsy in 2009. In a prospective study of DRFE, 86% of children and 43% of adults were off antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) 10 years after surgery as compared with 0/93 nonsurgical controls. Reducing the life-long morbidity of childhood epilepsy can improve the quality of life of the children and their families and reduce healthcare costs. Many patients are not candidates for resection procedures when the seizure onset or network involves multiple cortical regions or eloquent cortex. Responsive neurostimulation (RNS System) therapy has been safely and successfully used in the adult population for the treatment of DRFE with one or two seizure foci. The recent available data suggests similar outcomes in the treatment of pediatric patients with DRFE as well as multi-focal epilepsy using responsive neurostimulation. Our outcomes in the pediatric population demonstrate safety, decreased clinical seizure frequency, as well as improved functional status and quality of life. The increase in efficacy over time observed with responsive stimulation is similar to other neurostimulation approaches, including VNS and open-loop DBS of the anterior thalamic nucleus. The exact mechanism of action of neurostimulation is unknown, with immediate effects that may be mediated by local cellular inhibition and/or excitation, related to changes in cerebral blood flow, or to the release of neurotransmitters from axons and bordering astrocytes. The sustained therapeutic effects could be explained by alterations in neuronal networks, involving synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and cortical reorganization, with possible enhanced effects in a young, developing brain.