Nirmala Christopher
Although in the developed countries the incidence of newly chronic heart failure (HF) with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF) have now decreased, during the past several decades newly cases of HF with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HEpEF) or mid-ranged left ventricular ejection fraction have steadily exhibited a rise [1,2]. Frequent co-existing clinical conditions, i.e. diabetes, chronic pulmonary disease, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and aging are the most important factors contributing to development of different phenotypes of HF [3].
